什麼是西班牙內戰

Spanish Civil War

反對西班牙政府的軍事叛亂。1936年的一系列選舉產生了一個主要受左翼政黨支持的人民陣線政府後，西班牙全國的駐軍城鎮發生武裝暴動，由反叛的國民軍爲首，支持者包括教士、軍隊和地主階層中的保守派以及法西斯主義長槍黨。由社會黨人拉爾戈.卡瓦列羅（F. Largo Caballero）和內格林（J. Negrin, 1894～1956）擔任總理的共和政府以及自由派的共和國總統阿薩尼亞（M. Azana y Diaz）則受到工人、許多受過教育的中產階級以及好鬥的無政府主義者和共產黨人的支持。共和政府的軍隊撲滅了大部分地區的反叛，但西北與西南的部分地區被國民軍控制並任命佛朗哥爲國家元首。雙方都在各自控制的區域內鎮壓反對者，超過五萬受懷疑的人被處決或暗殺。國民軍從國外爭取支持，接納了來自納粹德國和義大利的軍隊、坦克和飛機；德國和義大利則乘機將西班牙當成新的坦克戰和空戰的試驗場。共和軍主要接受來自蘇聯的援助，由志願者組成的國際縱隊也加入了共和軍這一邊。雙方展開血腥的消耗戰，國民軍逐漸奪佔地盤，1938年4月成功地從東到西將西班牙切成兩半，迫使二十五萬共和軍逃入法國，剩餘的共和軍於1939年3月投降。共產黨人和反共人員各自盤踞的馬德里於3月28日落入國民軍之手。死於內戰的人數大約有五十萬人，並在西班牙人心中留下深深的創傷。戰爭的結束帶來了一段獨裁的歷史，幾乎一直持續到1975年佛朗哥死後才結束。

1936～1939年

Spanish Civil War

Military revolt against the government of Spain. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan Negrín (1894-1956) and the liberal president Manuel Azana y Diaz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated over 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matériel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, and Madrid, beset by civil strife between communists and anti-communists, fell to the Nationalists on March 28. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. The war's end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted almost until Franco's death in 1975.