什麼是杜魯門

Truman, Harry S.

美國第33任總統（1945～1953）。曾作過不同的工作，在第一次世界大戰中有出色表現。他後來成爲了堪薩斯城的男子服飾商人的合夥人。當他的生意失敗後，他在彭德格斯特（T. Pendergast）幫助下參加了民主黨。他被選爲縣法官（1922～1924），後任縣法院首席法官（1926～1934）。他因誠實和良好的管理手段而受到了民主、共和兩黨的支持。他在美國參議院（1935～1945）期間，領導一個委員會對辯護中的欺騙行爲進行了揭露。他在1944年被選舉替代當時在職的華萊士而成爲了副總統的提名人，與羅斯福一起當選。在擔任副總統82天後，他在羅斯福去世後成爲了總統（1945年4月）。他很快同意了爲完成聯合國憲章而召開的舊金山會議作最後安排；第二次世界大戰歐洲戰場結束後，協助安排德國在5月8日無條件投降事宜；7月參加波茨坦會議。他下令在廣島和長崎投下原子彈後，於9月2日正式結束太平洋戰爭。他的判斷得自一個報告，該報告指出如果是用常規軍入侵日本將會造成500,000美國部隊人員的傷亡。他宣佈了杜魯門主義來對希臘和土耳其進行援助（1947），並建立起了中央情報局，批准恢復西歐經濟的馬歇爾計畫。他在1948年在很多人期望他下臺的情況下打敗杜威。他發展了遏制性的外交政策來限制蘇聯的勢力，並實現他的第四點計畫，並提出對柏林進行空運（參閱Berlin blockade and airlift），1949年簽訂了北約公約。在韓戰期間，任命麥克阿瑟領導聯合國的軍隊。對該戰爭目標的追求佔據了他整個的政府管理，直到他退休爲止。雖然他在其總統任期內受到抨擊，但他的名譽在後來數年仍持續上升。

1884～1972年

Truman, Harry S.

33rd president of the U.S. (1945-53). Born in Lamar, Mo., he worked at various jobs before serving with distinction in World War I. He became a partner in a Kansas City haberdashery; when the business failed, he entered Democratic Party politics with the help of Thomas Pendergast. He was elected county judge (1922-24), and later became presiding judge of the county court (1926-34). His reputation for honesty and good management gained him bipartisan support. In the U.S. Senate (1935-45), he led a committee that exposed fraud in defense production. In 1944 he was chosen to replace the incumbent Henry Wallace as vice-presidential nominee and was elected with Pres. Franklin Roosevelt. After only 82 days as vice president, he became president on Roosevelt's death (April 1945). He quickly made final arrangements for the San Francisco charter-writing meeting of the UN, helped arrange Germany's unconditional surrender on May 8, which ended World War II in Europe, and in July attended the Potsdam Conference. The Pacific war ended officially on September 2, after he ordered atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; his justification was a report that 500,000 U.S. troops would be lost in a conventional invasion of Japan. He announced the Truman Doctrine to aid greece and Turkey (1947), established the Central Intelligence Agency, and pressed for passage of the Marshall Plan to aid European countries. In 1948 he defeated Thomas Dewey despite widespread expectation of his own defeat. He initiated a foreign policy of containment to restrict the Soviet Union's sphere of influence, pursued his Point Four Program, and initiated the Berlin airlift (see Berlin blockade and airlift) and the NATO pact of 1949. In the Korean War he sent troops under Gen. Douglas MacArthur to head the UN forces. Problems of pursuing the war occupied his administration until he retired. Though he was often criticized during his presidency, Truman's reputation grew steadily in later years.