什麼是尼赫魯

Nehru, Jawaharlal

印度獨立後的第一任總理（1947～1964）。獨立運動提倡者莫提拉爾.尼赫魯1861～1931）之子，尼赫魯曾受家庭教育和在英國求學，1912年成爲律師。由於對政治的興趣大於法律，他對甘地的印度獨立運動印象深刻。他與印度國民大會黨的密切關係始於1919年，1929年尼赫魯當選爲該黨主席，主持有歷史意義的拉合爾會議，宣告印度的政治目標是完全獨立而非自治領的地位。1921～1945年間因其政治活動而被捕九次。印度在1935年獲得有限度的自治權，但尼赫魯領導的國大黨卻不明智地拒絕與一些省份的穆斯林聯盟組成聯合政府。印度教與穆斯林教之間愈加惡化的關係終導致印度分裂和巴基斯坦建國。就在1948年甘地遭暗殺的短暫時間前，尼赫魯成爲印度獨立後的第一任總理。冷戰期間他提出不結盟的外交政策，因此當他投入任何陣營時都引來嚴厲的批評。在其任期內，印度分別與巴基斯坦和中國在喀什米爾和布拉馬普得拉河谷發生衝突。他也從葡萄牙人處奪回臥亞。其對內政策爲民主、社會主義、現世主義、團結，將現代價值觀念融入於印度現況中。在其過世後兩年，其女甘地夫人接任印度總理。

1889～1964年

Nehru, Jawaharlal

First prime minister of independent India (1947-64). Son of the independence advocate Motilal Nehru (1861-1931), Nehru was educated at home and in Britain and became a lawyer in 1912. More interested in politics than law, he was impressed by Mohandas K. Gandhi's approach to Indian independence. His close association with the Indian National Congress began in 1919; in 1929 he became its president, presiding over the historic Lahore session that proclaimed complete independence (rather than dominion status) as India's political goal. He was imprisoned nine times between 1921 and 1945 for his political activity. When India was granted limited self-government in 1935, the Congress Party under Nehru unwisely refused to form coalition governments with the Muslim League in some provinces; the hardening of relations between Hindus and Muslims that followed ultimately led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. Shortly before Gandhi's assassination in 1948, Nehru became the first prime minister of independent India. He attempted a foreign policy of nonalignment during the Cold War, drawing harsh criticism when he strayed into either camp. During his tenure India clashed with Pakistan over Kashmir and with China over the Brahmaputra River valley. He also wrested Goa from the Portuguese. Domestically he promoted democracy, socialism, secularism, and unity, adapting modern values to Indian conditions. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister two years after his death.