什麼是拿破崙

Napoleon

義大利原名Napoleone Buonaparte

法語原名Napoléon Bonaparte

法國將軍和皇帝（1804～1815年在位）。雙親是義大利後裔。他在法國受教育，1785年成爲陸軍軍官。他在法國革命戰爭中參與戰鬥，1793年晉升爲准將。在義大利北部打敗奧地利軍隊後，他商訂了「坎波福爾米奧條約」（1797）。他試着征服埃及（1798～1799），但在尼羅河戰役中被納爾遜打敗。1799年的霧月十八～十九日政變使他獲得權力，開始了軍事獨裁，自任第一執政官。他爲政府引進無數改革，包括「拿破崙法典」，並且重建法國的教育體系。1801年他與教宗商訂「1801年教務專約」。在馬倫戈戰役（1800）中打敗奧地利軍隊以後，他發動了拿破崙戰爭。歐洲各國爲對抗他而成立聯盟，促使拿破崙宣佈法國爲世襲帝國，並在1804年自封爲皇帝。1805年在奧斯特利茨戰役中，他對奧地利及俄羅斯獲得軍事上的最大勝利。他在耶拿戰役中擊敗普魯士（1806），在弗裏德蘭戰役中擊敗俄羅斯（1807）。接着，他強迫俄羅斯簽訂「季爾錫特條約」，終結了反法國家的第四次聯盟。儘管他在特拉法加戰役中敗給英軍，他卻致力於削弱英國商業，以封港方式建立大陸封鎖。他在1810年之前鞏固了他的歐洲帝國，但逐漸捲入半島戰爭（1808～1814）中。他帶領法軍進入奧地利，並在瓦格拉姆戰役（1809）中擊敗奧軍，簽訂了「維也納條約」。爲了強化「季爾錫特條約」，1812年他率領450,000以上的軍隊進入俄羅斯，贏得博羅季諾戰役，但在損失慘重的情況下被迫從莫斯科撤退。他的陸軍大受削弱，又面對各國的有力聯盟，而在萊比錫戰役（1813）被打敗。在巴黎被盟國拿下後，1814年拿破崙被迫退位，而被流放至厄爾巴島。1815年他召集一支軍隊，並回到法國，重新自立爲百日皇帝，但在滑鐵盧戰役遭到決定性挫敗。他被流放到遙遠的聖赫勒拿島，六年後在那裏死去。身爲歷史上最着名的人物，拿破崙使軍事組織及訓練發生革命性變化，並以改革徹底影響了法國和全歐的國家機構。

1769～1821年

Napoleon

French general and emperor (1804-15). Born in Corsica to parents of Italian ancestry, he was educated in France and became an army officer in 1785. He fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and was promoted to brigadier general in 1793. After victories against the Austrians in northern Italy, he negotiated the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797). He attempted to conquer Egypt (1798-99) but was defeated by the British under Horatio Nelson in the Battle of the Nile. The Coup of 18-19 Brumaire brought him to power in 1799, and he installed a military dictatorship, with himself as First Consul. He introduced numerous reforms in government, including the Napoleonic Code, and reconstructed the French education system. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the pope. After victory against the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo (1800), he embarked on the Napoleonic Wars. The formation of coalitions of European countries against him led Napoleon to declare France a hereditary empire and to crown himself emperor in 1804. He won his greatest military victory at the Battle of Austerlitz against Austria and Russia in 1805. He defeated Prussia at the Battles of Jena and Auerstedt (1806) and Russia at the Battle of Friedland (1807). He then imposed the Treaty of Tilsit on Russia, ending the fourth coalition of countries against France. Despite his loss to Britain at the Battle of Trafalgar, he sought to weaken British commerce and established the Continental System of port blockades. He consolidated his European empire until 1810, but became embroiled in the Peninsular War (1808-14). He led the French army into Austria and defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram (1809), signing the Treaty of Vienna. To enforce the Treaty of Tilsit, he led an army of over 450,000 into Russia in 1812, winning the Battle of Borodino, but was forced to retreat from Moscow with disastrous losses. His army greatly weakened, he was met by a strong coalition of allied powers, who defeated him at the Battle of Leipzig (1813). After Paris was taken by the allied coalition, Napoleon was forced to abdicate in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815 he mustered a force and returned to France to reestablish himself as emperor for the Hundred Days, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. He was sent into exile on the remote island of St. Helena, where he died six years later. One of the most celebrated figures in history, Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training and brought about reforms that permanently influenced civil institutions in France and throughout Europe.