什麼是亨利四世

Henry IV

德語作Heinrich

巴伐利亞公爵（1055～1061），德意志國王（1054～1061）和神聖羅馬帝國皇帝（1084～1105/1106）。六歲繼承王位，由脫離世俗的母后攝政到1062年。1065年纔開始掌控了政府。他重申王權的主張引起了薩克森人的反叛（1073～1075）。曾與教宗聖格列高利七世就主教敘任權問題進行長期的鬥爭（參閱Investiture Controversy）。格列高利後來開除亨利的教籍，解除臣民對國王的效忠誓約。亨利爲求解決問題，被迫在冬天翻越阿爾卑斯山，並根據傳統在卡諾薩堡前赤足站在雪地中三天，向格列高利七世賠罪，因而得以重新取得教籍。但德意志諸侯在1077年廢黜亨利，推舉魯道夫爲國王。1080年格列高利再次開除亨利教籍，承認魯道夫爲國王，亨利因此憤而征服羅馬（1084），立了一個新的教宗。晚年，他的兒子康拉德和亨利（五世）相繼叛亂。

1050～1106年

Henry IV

Duke of Bavaria (1055-61), German king (1054-1106), and Holy Roman emperor (1084-1105/6). He inherited the German throne at age 6; his unworldly mother was regent until 1062, and Henry gained control of the government in 1065. His reassertion of royal rights provoked rebellion in saxony (1073-75). He engaged in a long struggle with Pope Gregory VII on the issue of lay investiture (see Investiture Controversy). Gregory excommunicated him and absolved his subjects of their oaths of loyalty. Seeking absolution, Henry was forced to cross the Alps in winter and, according to tradition, stand barefoot in the snow three days before the castle at Canossa where the pope was staying before the latter would rescind his order. The German princes deserted Henry (1077) and elected Rudolf I as king. In 1080 Gregory excommunicated Henry again and recognized Rudolf, and Henry responded by conquering Rome (1084) and installing a new pope. In his last years his sons Conrad and Henry led rebellions against his rule.