什麼是投石黨運動

Fronde, the

路易十四世未成年期間，在法國發生的一系列內戰。投石黨（得名於巴黎兒童不顧當局的禁令在街上玩耍用的「投石器」）運動是企圖抑制王國政府權勢增長的行動的一個部分；其失敗爲路易十四世親政後的專制獨裁鋪平了道路。巴黎大理院（1648～1649）企圖從憲法上限制攝政太后奧地利的安娜及其首相馬薩林的權力。暴動迫使政府對大理院給予讓步。內戰的第二階段爲「親王的投石黨運動」（1650～1653），貴族的叛亂分子的共同點是反對馬薩林。軍事領袖大孔代被捕，他的朋友掀起一系列騷亂（史稱第一次親王戰爭），孔代的支持者和巴黎黨人（有時稱爲老投石黨）聯合一致，使孔代獲釋，馬薩林被罷黜。安娜加入老投石黨人一邊，下令對孔代起訴，這一行動使孔代決定發動戰爭--第二次親王戰爭（1651～1653）。孔代被王軍擊敗，離開巴黎。1652年，國王勝利返回巴黎，1653年，馬薩林也隨後進入。在法國大革命以前，投石黨運動是對君主制權威的最後一次嚴重挑戰。

1648～1653年

Fronde, the

Series of civil wars in France during the minority of Louis XIV. The Fronde (named for the “sling” of a game played in the streets of Paris in defiance of authorities) was in part an attempt to check the growing power of royal government, but its failure paved the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV's reign. The first phase, the Fronde of the Parlement (1648-49), was an attempt to place constitutional limits on the queen regent, Anne of Austria, and her chief minister, Jules Mazarin. Uprisings forced the government to concede to the Parlement's demands. The more serious second phase, the Fronde of the Princes (1650-53), sprang from aristocratic opposition to Mazarin. The military leader the Great Condé was arrested, causing his friends to rebel (in the so-called first war of the princes). His supporters joined the Parisian party (the Old Fronde) in successfully calling for Condé's release and Mazarin's resignation. Condé lost his position when Anne joined with the Old Fronde against him, precipitating the second war of the princes (1651-53). After losses in battle, he fled. The king entered Paris in triumph in 1652, followed by Mazarin in 1653. The Fronde was the last serious challenge to the monarchy until the French Revolution.