什麼是叔本華

Schopenhauer, Arthur

德國哲學家。父為銀行家和小説家，曾學習好幾個領域的知識，後來獲得哲學學位。他把《奧義書》同柏拉圖和康德的作品結合為自己哲學系統的基礎，是形上學理論的基本組成部分和對黑格爾理想主義的反應。他的着作《意志和表象的世界》（1819）由兩個系列的反應組成，包括了自然知識和哲學的理論、美學和道德觀。他從精神和理性轉向本能、創造力和非理性，影響了（一部分是通過尼采）生命主義、生命哲學、存在主義和人類學的理念和方法。其他的作品還包括《以自然的意志》（1836）、《道德的兩個主要問題》（1841）和《哲學小品》（1851）。叔本華是一個鬱鬱寡歡、孤獨的人，其作品使他博得「悲觀主義哲學家」綽號。

1788～1860年

Schopenhauer, Arthur

German philosopher. Son of a banker and a novelist, he studied in several fields before earning his doctorate in philosophy. He regarded the Upanishads, together with the works of Plato and Immanuel Kant, as the foundation of his philosophical system, and was primarily important as the exponent of a metaphysical doctrine of the will in immediate reaction against the idealism of G. W. F. Hegel. His magnum opus, The World as Will and Representation (1819), consists of two comprehensive series of reflections that include successively the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of nature, aesthetics, and ethics. His turning from spirit and reason to the powers of intuition, creativity, and the irrational, affected (partly via Friedrich Nietzsche) the ideas and methods of vitalism, life philosophy, existentialism, and anthropology. His other works include On the Will in Nature (1836), The Two Main Problems of Ethics (1841), and Parerga und Paralipomena (1851). An unhappy and solitary man, his works earned him the sobriquet “the philosopher of pessimism.”.