什麼是瑪麗亞.特蕾西亞

Maria Theresa

德語作Maria Theresia

奧地利女大公、匈牙利女王、波希米亞女王（1740～1780）。神聖羅馬帝國皇帝查理六世的長女。查理六世頒佈了「國本詔書」，允許她繼承哈布斯堡王室的領地。但是她的繼承權遭到反對，引起了1740年的奧地利王位繼承戰爭。查理七世死後（1745），她幫助她的丈夫取得了王位，爲法蘭西斯一世。她幫助啓動財政和教育改革，促進商業和農業的發展，重組軍隊，所有的這一切壯大了奧地利的力量。但是與普魯士的持續衝突導致了七年戰爭以及後來的巴伐利亞王位繼承戰爭。她的丈夫死後（1765），她的兒子成爲皇帝，爲約瑟夫二世。她對約瑟夫二世的許多行動感到不滿，但是同意分割波蘭（1772）。作爲18世紀歐洲強權政治中的主要人物，瑪麗亞.特蕾西亞給哈布斯堡王室帶來了統一，是哈布斯堡王室最有能力的統治者之一。她有十六個孩子，包括瑪麗－安託瓦內特和利奧波德二世。

1717～1780年

Maria Theresa

Archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-80). She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Charles VI, who promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction to allow her to succeed to the Habsburg domains. Opposition to her succession led in 1740 to the War of the Austrian Succession. After Emperor Charles VII died (1745), she obtained the imperial crown for her husband, who became Francis I. She helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria's resources. Continued conflict with Prussia led to the Seven Years' War and later to the War of the Bavarian Succession. After her husband's death (1765), her son became emperor as Joseph II. She criticized many of his actions but agreed to the Partition of Poland (1772). A key figure in the power politics of 18th-century Europe, Maria Theresa brought unity to the Habsburg monarchy and was considered one of its most capable rulers. Her 16 children also included Marie-Antoinette and Leopold II.