什麼是坦尚尼亞

正式名稱坦尚尼亞聯合共和國（United Republic of Tanzania）

非洲東部國家，包括了印度洋中的桑吉巴、奔巴和馬菲亞諸島嶼。面積935,037平方公里。人口約36,232,000（2001）。首都︰三蘭港；法定首都爲多多馬。約120種已確認的種族；其中最大的一支是蘇庫馬人，約佔總人口的1/5。語言︰斯瓦希里語和英語（均爲官方語）。宗教︰伊斯蘭教、傳統宗教、基督教。貨幣︰坦尚尼亞先令（T Sh）。雖然坦尚尼亞大部分地形屬平原和高原，它也有一些壯麗的景觀，如吉力馬札羅山和倫蓋伊山，後者是一座活火山。馬拉威湖、坦幹伊克湖、維多利亞湖和魯誇湖部分或全部位於該國境內。尼羅河、剛果河和尚比西河主流亦是源於該國。塞倫蓋提國家公園是最着名的狩獵保留區。該國重要的礦產有黃金、鑽石、寶石、鐵礦、煤和天然氣。中央計畫經濟大部分以農業爲基礎；主要作物有玉蜀黍、稻米、咖啡、丁香、棉花、瓊麻、腰果和菸草。工業有食品加工、紡織、水泥和釀酒。政府形式是共和國，一院制。國家元首暨政府首腦是總統。

西元前1千紀開始有人居住，到西元10世紀時，被阿拉伯和印第安部落以及操班圖諸語言的民族佔據。15世紀晚期，葡萄牙人得到了沿海地區的控制權，但在18世紀晚期，被阿曼和桑吉巴的阿拉伯人驅逐。1880年代，德國的殖民者進入該地區，1891年德國宣稱該區域爲它的保護區，稱德屬東非。第一次世界大戰中，英國奪取了德國的領地，該地區成爲英國的託管區（1920），稱坦幹伊喀。第二次世界大戰後它成爲聯合國的託管地（1946），英國繼續對該地區擁有控制權。1961年坦幹伊喀獲得獨立，1962年成爲共和國。1964年它與桑吉巴聯合組成坦尚尼亞。近年來，它經受着政治和經濟兩方面的鬥爭。

Tanzania

Country, eastern Africa. It includes the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia in the Indian Ocean. Area: 364,881 sq mi (935,037 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 29,461,000. Capital: Dar es salaam; Dodoma, designated. There are about 120 identifiable ethnic groups; the largest, the Sukuma, are about one-fifth of the population. Languages: Swahili, English (both official). Religions: Islam, animism, Christianity. Currency: Tanzanian shilling. Although most of Tanzania consists of plain and plateau, it has some spectacular relief features, including Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Lengai, an active volcano. All or portions of Lakes Malawi, Tanganyika, Victoria, and Rukwa lie within it, as do the headwaters of the Nile, Congo, and Zambezi rivers. Serengeti National Park is the most famous of its extensive game reserves. Important mineral deposits include gold, diamonds, gemstones, iron ore, coal, and natural gas. The centrally planned economy is based largely on agriculture; major crops include corn, rice, coffee, cloves, cotton, sisal, cashews, and tobacco. Industries include food processing, textiles, cement, and brewing. It is a republic with one legislative house; its head of state and government is the president. Inhabited from the 1st millennium BC, it was occupied by Arab and Indian traders and Bantu-speaking peoples by the 10th century AD. The Portuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. German colonists entered the area in the 1880s, and in 1891 the Germans declared the region a protectorate as German East Africa. In World War I Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika. Britain retained control of the region after World War II when it became a UN trust territory (1946). Tanganyika gained independence in 1961 and became a republic in 1962. In 1964 it united with Zanzibar under the name Tanzania. It experienced both political and economic struggles in recent years.