什麼是戈利欽家族

俄羅斯貴族家族，14世紀立陶宛大公格迪米納斯（Gediminas）的後裔。該家族有三名成員在彼得大帝（彼得一世）統治期間扮演重要角色。瓦西里.戈利欽是彼得的攝政蘇菲亞的首席顧問。鮑里斯.戈利欽（1654～1714）爲宮廷大臣（1676）和彼得的家庭教師，1689年參與廢黜蘇菲亞、擁立彼得的政變，彼得在位初期所取得的重要成就都與他有密切關係。後來由於他在下窩瓦河地區的暴政引起一場大暴動，被彼得解除職務。季米特里.戈利欽（1665～1737）從1697年開始多次受彼得派任，但他反對彼得的改革，1724年辭去所有職務。1727年成爲最高樞密院大臣，到1730年彼得二世去世前一直左右政治決策。彼得死後他要求最高樞密院把皇位授予安娜，但條件是把皇權轉交樞密院。安娜起初同意，但後來發現帝國警衛軍反對最高樞密院，於是趁機將樞密院解散。1736年季米特里.戈利欽以反對專制制度被捕，判死刑，安娜減爲終身監禁。

Golitsyn family

Russian noble family descended from the 14th-century Lithuanian grand duke Gediminas. Three members played prominent roles as statesmen around the time of Peter I the great (r. 1682-1725). Vasily Golitsyn was chief adviser to Peter's regent, Sophia Alekseyevna. Boris Golitsyn (1654-1714) was court chamberlain (1676) and Peter's tutor; he participated in the coup that placed Peter on the throne and was associated with the major achievements of Peter's early reign. Peter dismissed him after his despotic rule of a province in the lower Volga resulted in a major revolt. Dmitry Golitsyn (1665-1737) held several posts under Peter from 1697 but opposed Peter's reforms and in 1724 was deprived of all public duties. In 1727 he became a member of the Supreme Privy Council, which governed for Peter II until his death (1730). He urged the council to offer the throne to Anna Ivanovna if she would sign a set of conditions transferring crucial prerogatives to the council. She initially agreed, then dissolved the council. He was condemned to death (1736) for his antiautocratic beliefs, but Anna commuted his sentence to life imprisonment.