什麼是巴斯德

Pasteur, Louis

法國化學家和微生物學家。在高等師範學校學習後，開始研究極光對化合物的效應。1857年他成爲高等師範學校科學研究部主任。他研究酒和牛奶（變酸）的發酵，得出的結論顯示酵母菌能在無氧的情況下繁殖（巴斯德效應），因而推論發酵和食品腐壞肇因於微生物的活動，可藉隔絕或摧毀它們的方法來預防。他的工作推翻了自然發生的概念（生命起於沒有生命的物質），並促成了加熱式的巴氏殺菌法，在不腐壞的情況下生產醋、酒、啤酒。他在蠶病方面的工作拯救了法國的蠶絲工業。1881年他改良一種方法來分離並弱化細菌，進而仿效金納的做法，在綿羊身上發展出炭疽疫苗，並在雞身上發展出霍亂疫苗。後來把注意力轉向狂犬病，1885年拯救一名被狂犬咬傷的男孩，方法是爲他注入弱化的病毒。1888年創立巴斯德研究所，以研究、預防和治療狂犬病。

1822～1895年

Pasteur, Louis

French chemist and microbiologist. Early in his career, after studies at the école Normale Supérieure, he researched the effects of polarized light on chemical compounds. In 1857 he became director of scientific studies at the école. His studies of fermentation of alcohol and milk (souring) showed that yeast could reproduce without free oxygen (the Pasteur effect); he deduced that fermentation and food spoilage were due to the activity of microorganisms and could be prevented by excluding or destroying them. His work overturned the concept of spontaneous generation (life arising from nonliving matter) and led to heat pasteurization, allowing vinegar, wine, and beer to be produced and transported without spoiling. He saved the French silk industry by his work on silkworm diseases. In 1881 he perfected a way to isolate and weaken germs, and went on to develop vaccines against anthrax in sheep and cholera in chickens following Edward Jenner's example. He turned his attention to researching rabies, and in 1885 saved the life of a boy bitten by a rabid dog by inoculating the boy with a weakened virus. In 1888 he founded the Pasteur Institute for rabies research, prevention, and treatment.