什麼是道格拉斯

Douglass, Frederick，原名Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey。

美國廢奴主義者。父母親爲白人和黑人奴隸所生。他被主人送到巴爾的摩當僕人，他學會閱讀。十六歲回到種植園，後被租借出去，在巴爾的摩當捻船縫工人。1833年逃至紐約，後移居麻薩諸塞的紐柏德福特，改名爲道格拉斯。1841年，在麻薩諸塞的南塔克特的反奴隸制大會上，道格拉斯應邀講述他在奴隸制下的感受和遭遇，結果他成爲麻薩諸塞州反奴隸制協會的代理人。從那時起，儘管受到責難、嘲笑、侮辱和激烈的個人攻擊，道格拉斯始終不動搖他對廢奴主義事業的忠誠。1845年他寫了自傳，現在被視爲經典之作。他前往不列顛和愛爾蘭演說（1845～1847），後創辦他自己的反奴隸制報紙《北極星報》，1847～1860年在紐約的羅契斯特發行。1851年與廢奴主義領袖加里森分道揚鑣，而與伯尼結盟。內戰時期擔任林肯總統的顧問。在重建時期（1865～1877），他爲使被解放了的奴隸獲得充分公民權而堅決地戰鬥。並有力地支持婦女權利運動。此後，曾任華盛頓特區幾個政府職務（1877～1886），及美國駐海地公使兼總領事（1889～1891）。

1817～1895年

Douglass, Frederick

U.S. abolitionist. Born in Tuckahoe, Md., to a slave mother and a white father, he was sent to work as a house servant in Baltimore, where he learned to read. At 16 he was returned to the plantation, then was hired out as a ship caulker. In 1838 he fled to New York and then moved to New Bedford, Mass., changing his name to elude slave hunters. His eloquence at an 1841 antislavery convention gave him a new career as an agent for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, in which capacity he endured frequent insults and violent personal attacks. In 1845 he wrote his autobiography, now regarded as a classic. He lectured in England and Ireland (1845-47), then founded the antislavery North Star, which he published until 1860 in Rochester, N.Y. In 1851 he split with the radical William Lloyd Garrison and allied with the moderates led by James Birney. In the Civil War he was a consultant to Pres. Abraham Lincoln. During Reconstruction he fought for full civil rights for freedmen and supported women's rights. He served in government posts in Washington, D.C. (1877-86), and as U.S. minister to Haiti (1889-91).