什麼是赫魯雪夫

Khrushchev, Nikita (Sergeyevich)

蘇聯領袖。父親是礦工。1918年加入共產黨。1934年被選入中央委員會，1935年升任莫斯科黨委第一書記。曾參與了史達林整肅黨內領導人的活動。1938年擔任烏克蘭的第一書記，1939年成爲政治局委員。1953年史達林逝世後，他經歷一番苦鬥後才成爲共產黨總書記，而布爾加寧擔任部長會議主席。1955年第一次離開蘇聯出國訪問，顯示他富有彈性，而倉促、輕率的外交作風成爲他未來的獨特商標。1956年在第20屆俄共黨代大會上，發表祕密演說，揭露了史達林的「不容異己、殘忍和濫用權力」。結果有數以千計的政治犯獲釋。波蘭和匈牙利運用反史達林化來改革政權，赫魯雪夫允許波蘭人擁有相當程度的自由，但當1956年納吉想要退出華沙公約組織時，他派軍粉碎了匈牙利革命。1957年黨內形成一股反對勢力，但他安穩地把政敵打散，1958年自任總理。由於主張與資本主義國家和平共存，1959年訪美，但原本預定在次年與艾森豪在巴黎舉行高峯會議卻因U-2事件而取消。1962年他企圖在古巴安裝蘇聯飛彈，接下來發生了古巴飛彈危機，他纔打消念頭。因爲意識形態的歧異和簽署了「禁止核試條約」，導致蘇聯和中國的關係破裂。1964年因農業政策的失敗而需從西方進口小麥，加上與中共的紛爭，以及行政上的專斷作風導致他被迫下臺。

1894～1971年

Khrushchev, Nikita (Sergeyevich)

Soviet leader. Son of a miner, he joined the Communist Party in 1918. In 1934 he was elected to its Central Committee, and in 1935 he became first secretary of the Moscow party organization. He participated in Joseph Stalin's purges of party leaders. In 1938 he became head of the Ukrainian party and in 1939 was made a member of the Politburo. After Stalin's death in 1953, he emerged from a bitter power struggle as the party's first secretary, and Nikolay A. Bulganin became premier. In 1955, on his first trip outside the Soviet Union, Khrushchev showed his flexibility and the brash, extroverted style of diplomacy that would become his trademark. At the party's Twentieth Congress in 1956, he delivered a secret speech denouncing Stalin for his “intolerance, his brutality, his abuse of power.” Thousands of political prisoners were released. Poland and Hungary used de-Stalinization to reform their regimes; Khrushchev allowed the Poles relative freedom, but he crushed the Hungarian Revolution by force (1956) when Imre Nagy attempted to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. Opposition within the party crystallized in 1957, but Khrushchev secured the dismissal of his enemies and in 1958 assumed the premiership himself. Asserting a doctrine of peaceful coexistence with capitalist nations, he toured the U.S. in 1959, but a planned Paris summit with Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1960 was canceled after the U-2 Affair. In 1962 he attempted to place Soviet missiles in Cuba; in the ensuing Cuban missile crisis, he retreated. Ideological differences and the signing of the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963) led to a split with the Chinese. Agricultural failures that necessitated importation of wheat from the West, the China quarrel, and his often arbitrary administrative methods led to his forced retirement in 1964.